173 research outputs found

    Théorie et méthode de Tests des états logiques (TEL), preuve par les tests de logiciels ayant un comportement vectoriel

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    Programme, logiciel et cycle de vie -- Vérification, validation et tests -- Vérification des différentes phases du cycle de vie -- Transformation de l'énoncé du projet -- Erreurs -- Méthodes de vérification -- Tests -- Théorie des tests -- Tests en pratique -- Trois caractéristiques des programmes -- Théorie et méthode de "tests des états logiques " ou TEL

    Introducing knowledge concepts in software process modeling

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    ABSTRACT: Software process is knowledge intensive. Nevertheless, knowledge concepts are rarely taken into account in software process modeling. This paper presents a new software process modeling approach, which takes into account the various conceptual knowledge required to perform a task. The approach is based on the Software & Systems Process Engineering Metamodel (SPEM 2.0). It essentially adds knowledge attributes to existing relationships between roles, tasks and artifacts. Comparison between attributes for a given task provides information on the knowledge-gap between the SPEM elements involved. This information could be used in knowledge oriented project management to evaluate the risk associated to the knowledge gaps. A software tool has been implemented to facilitate the recording of various knowledge concepts while modeling the software process. Example of this approach is presented

    DSL4SPM: Domain-specific language for software process modeling

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    This paper presents a novel formal approach to software process modeling based on the Software Process Engineering Metamodel (SPEM) for the syntactic aspect of a process model and a domain-specific language (DSL) for the semantic aspect of the model. This approach provides a conceptual framework for designing processes in a more abstract way and to enable process implementation on various platforms. A Process-Centered Software Environment (PCSE) called DSL4SPM (Domain-Specific Language for Software Process Modeling) is a plug-in tool which satisfies the meta-requirements for Process Modeling Languages (PMLs). The key concept of the DSL4SPM is the use of a toolbox, containing SPEM elements, to instantiate objects in a graphical scene. The process model designer links these elements with relations, and defines the values of the attributes required for both these and the objects, with the aim of arriving at a consolidated view of the problem. An overview of the advantages of the approach is presented. With it, the process manager is able to quickly and easily model a process from innovative perspectives, with the aim of better understanding the risks associated with software development

    Modélisation et simulation de processus de biologie moléculaire basée sur les réseaux de Pétri : une revue de littérature

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    Les rĂ©seaux de PĂ©tri sont une technique de simulation Ă  Ă©vĂ©nements discrets dĂ©veloppĂ©e pour la reprĂ©sentation de systĂšmes et plus particuliĂšrement de leurs propriĂ©tĂ©s de concurrence et de synchronisation. DiffĂ©rentes extensions Ă  la thĂ©orie initiale de cette mĂ©thode ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©es pour la modĂ©lisation de processus de biologie molĂ©culaire et de rĂ©seaux mĂ©taboliques. Il s’agit des extensions stochastiques, colorĂ©es, hybrides et fonctionnelles. Ce document fait une premiĂšre revue des diffĂ©rentes approches qui ont Ă©tĂ© employĂ©es et des systĂšmes biologiques qui ont Ă©tĂ© modĂ©lisĂ©s grĂące Ă  celles-ci. De plus, le contexte d’application et les objectif s de modĂ©lisation de chacune sont discutĂ©s

    Mesure et analyse des activités collaboratives AD HOC retrouvées au cours d'un processus de génie logiciel

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    Les processus de gĂ©nie logiciel sont de nos jours de plus en plus objets de prĂ©occupations dans plusieurs organisations qui dĂ©veloppent du logiciel. Le but du processus Ă©tant d’accroĂźtre la prĂ©dictibilitĂ© des Ă©chĂ©anciers, des coĂ»ts ainsi que de la qualitĂ© du logiciel dĂ©veloppĂ©, les entreprises investissent dĂ©sormais une plus grande quantitĂ© d’argent et d’effort afin d’amĂ©liorer continuellement leur processus de dĂ©veloppement de logiciels. Par ailleurs, beaucoup de chercheurs s’entendent pour dire que la rĂ©ussite de projets informatiques ne dĂ©pend pas seulement de facteurs techniques, mais que certains aspects humains auraient un impact tout aussi significatif, sinon plus. Parmi ces derniers, le travail collaboratif au sein d’une Ă©quipe de dĂ©veloppement de logiciels a Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ© par plusieurs comme ayant un impact majeur sur les chances de succĂšs d’un projet logiciel permettant Ă  une Ă©quipe de partager toute l’information nĂ©cessaire en vu de la cristalliser en un logiciel de qualitĂ© qui correspondra aux attentes de l’usager tout en respectant les contraintes de temps et d’argent. De plus, mĂȘme si une organisation possĂšde un processus de gĂ©nie logiciel formel et bien dĂ©finit, des recherches empiriques ont dĂ©montrĂ© l’importance indĂ©niable que revĂȘtent les activitĂ©s collaboratives ad hoc au cours du dĂ©veloppement d’un logiciel, importance qui se fait Ă©galement gravement ressentir dans un contexte de dĂ©veloppement distribuĂ©. Toutefois, ces derniĂšres recherches ont omis de dĂ©crire la teneur de ces activitĂ©s collaboratives informelles et spontanĂ©es laissant de ce fait un vaste champ de recherche en gĂ©nie logiciel toujours inexplorĂ©. Ce document prĂ©sente une recherche empirique, entreprise pour l’obtention d’une maĂźtrise en gĂ©nie informatique, qui a prĂ©sentement cours dans le cadre d’une Ă©tude de cas en profondeur dans l’industrie et qui explore l’aspect du travail collaboratif en gĂ©nie logiciel, plus spĂ©cifiquement les activitĂ©s collaboratives ad hoc retrouvĂ©es lors d’un processus de dĂ©veloppement de logiciels. Cette recherche visera donc dans un premier temps Ă  modĂ©liser et caractĂ©riser les activi tĂ©s collaboratives ad hoc retrouvĂ©es au cours d’un processus de gĂ©nie logiciel pour en connaĂźtre l’importance, le contenu, de mĂȘme qu’en distinguer les activitĂ©s cognitives sous-jacentes impliquĂ©es. Cela constituera dans un deuxiĂšme temps de prĂ©ambule afin de proposer des amĂ©liorations au processus observĂ© dans le cadre de cette Ă©tude. Pour ce faire, la stratĂ©gie de recherche proposĂ©e dans ce document s’appuie sur une collecte de donnĂ©es provenant de diverses sources d’information disponibles rendant ainsi possible une triangulation de celles-ci pour en augmenter la validitĂ©. Finalement, une seconde phase Ă  cette recherche pourrait ĂȘtre menĂ©e afin de confirmer les hypothĂšses issues des thĂ©ories induites des donnĂ©es empiriques recueillies ou encore, afin d’implanter au sein d’une Ă©quipe pilote de nouvelles pratiques au processus observĂ© et visant Ă  y accroĂźtre l’efficacitĂ© sur le plan du travail collaboratif. Une seconde mesure pourrait enfin avoir lieu afin de ressentir l’impact des nouvelles pratiques et si les rĂ©sultats s’avĂšrent fructueux, elles pourraient par la suite ĂȘtre appliquĂ©es Ă  plus grande Ă©chelle. Plus de dĂ©tails sur nos motivations seront trouvĂ©s dans ce document suivis d’une discussion sur la mĂ©thodologie de recherche employĂ©e, incluant nos mĂ©thodes de collecte de donnĂ©es et plaçant Ă©galement une certaine emphase sur les techniques d’analyse utilisĂ©es pour dĂ©chiffrer l’importante quantitĂ© de donnĂ©es amassĂ©es. Finalement, quelques rĂ©sultats d’une analyse prĂ©liminaire seront rĂ©vĂ©lĂ©s, rĂ©sultats qui confirment tant la pertinence des donnĂ©es que l’importance du phĂ©nomĂšne observĂ©

    A knowledge-based perspective for software process modeling

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    As the acquisition and sharing of knowledge form the backbone of the software development process, it is important to identify knowledge discrepancies between the process elements. Explicit representation of the knowledge components within a software process model can provide a means to expose these discrepancies. This paper presents an extension of the Software and System Process Engineering Metamodel (SPEM), to be used as a new knowledge modeling layer. The approach, which is based on ontologies for knowledge representation, constitutes an explicit method for representing knowledge within process models. A concept matching indicator shows the state of the process model in terms of the concept gaps for each task within the process. This indicator could lead to more informed decision making and better management of the associated risks, in terms of team competency, documentation quality, and the training required to mitigate them

    Home on the Range: Factors Explaining Partial Migration of African Buffalo in a Tropical Environment

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    Partial migration (when only some individuals in a population undertake seasonal migrations) is common in many species and geographical contexts. Despite the development of modern statistical methods for analyzing partial migration, there have been no studies on what influences partial migration in tropical environments. We present research on factors affecting partial migration in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in northeastern Namibia. Our dataset is derived from 32 satellite tracking collars, spans 4 years and contains over 35,000 locations. We used remotely sensed data to quantify various factors that buffalo experience in the dry season when making decisions on whether and how far to migrate, including potential man-made and natural barriers, as well as spatial and temporal heterogeneity in environmental conditions. Using an information-theoretic, non-linear regression approach, our analyses showed that buffalo in this area can be divided into 4 migratory classes: migrants, non-migrants, dispersers, and a new class that we call “expanders”. Multimodel inference from least-squares regressions of wet season movements showed that environmental conditions (rainfall, fires, woodland cover, vegetation biomass), distance to the nearest barrier (river, fence, cultivated area) and social factors (age, size of herd at capture) were all important in explaining variation in migratory behaviour. The relative contributions of these variables to partial migration have not previously been assessed for ungulates in the tropics. Understanding the factors driving migratory decisions of wildlife will lead to better-informed conservation and land-use decisions in this area

    Re-evaluation of blood mercury, lead and cadmium concentrations in the Inuit population of Nunavik (Québec): a cross-sectional study

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Arctic populations are exposed to mercury, lead and cadmium through their traditional diet. Studies have however shown that cadmium exposure is most often attributable to tobacco smoking. The aim of this study is to examine the trends in mercury, lead and cadmium exposure between 1992 and 2004 in the Inuit population of Nunavik (Northern QuĂ©bec, Canada) using the data obtained from two broad scale health surveys, and to identify sources of exposure in 2004.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In 2004, 917 adults aged between 18 and 74 were recruited in the 14 communities of Nunavik to participate to a broad scale health survey. Blood samples were collected and analysed for metals by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and dietary and life-style characteristics were documented by questionnaires. Results were compared with data obtained in 1992, where 492 people were recruited for a similar survey in the same population.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Mean blood concentration of mercury was 51.2 nmol/L, which represent a 32% decrease (p < 0.001) between 1992 and 2004. Mercury blood concentrations were mainly explained by age (partial r<sup>2 </sup>= 0.20; p < 0.0001), and the most important source of exposure to mercury was marine mammal meat consumption (partial r<sup>2 </sup>= 0.04; p < 0.0001). In 2004, mean blood concentration of lead was 0.19 ÎŒmol/L and showed a 55% decrease since 1992. No strong associations were observed with any dietary source, and lead concentrations were mainly explained by age (partial r<sup>2 </sup>= 0.20.; p < 0.001). Blood cadmium concentrations showed a 22% decrease (p < 0.001) between 1992 and 2004. Once stratified according to tobacco use, means varied between 5.3 nmol/L in never-smokers and 40.4 nmol/L in smokers. Blood cadmium concentrations were mainly associated with tobacco smoking (partial r<sup>2 </sup>= 0.56; p < 0.0001), while consumption of caribou liver and kidney remain a minor source of cadmium exposure among never-smokers.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Important decreases in mercury, lead and cadmium exposure were observed. Mercury decrease could be explained by dietary changes and the ban of lead cartridges use likely contributed to the decrease in lead exposure. Blood cadmium concentrations remain high and, underscoring the need for intensive tobacco smoking prevention campaigns in the Nunavik population.</p

    Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

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    The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & NemĂ©sio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; NemĂ©sio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016
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